How Causation Is A Relation Between Events Or States Of...

1. (a) In Chisholm’s paper, â€Å"Human freedom and the self,† Chisholm notes that causation is a relation between events or states of affairs. For example, if the roof in my house cave in during a hurricane- this would be something that was caused by several other events such as the roof being too weak, the rain pressure being too much for the roof to hold, excessive rain, etc. With this term, Chisholm created two other narrower terms to specifically describe the different types of causations. The first causation is transeunt which is when one event or state of affairs causes other events or state of affairs. An example of Transeunt causation is if I threw a piece of paper in a recycling bin my event would be recycling but the â€Å"unknown† event cause by this event would be more oxygen in the world for people to breath in because that paper can be reused instead of having to cut more trees down and â€Å"cutting down† our oxygen. The second type of caus ation would be Immanent causation, which is when an agent (or person) causes an event or state of affairs. An example of Immanent causation is me recycling the paper because I’m the â€Å"agent† who recycled the piece of paper, it wasn’t done by another event. During the paper, Chisholm reflects on two objections and takes his defense on both. The first one being simply a fact of (a) He could have done otherwise means no more nor less than and (b) If he could have chosen to do otherwise, he would have done otherwise. The second objective has aShow MoreRelatedThe Media Of The Oil Spill Of 2010 From China, The United States, And Ireland1690 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious perspectives in coverage. Media coverage is essential is our development and understanding of international affairs. Therefore, the biases in coverage can have drastic effects in our interpretation of world’s news. 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Slavery would gradually disappear in the United States. b. The freeing of slaves should be outlawed. c. Slavery would be the foundation of the American economy. d. Freed slaves deserved government reparations for their suffering. 4. Which of the following was a reference to slavery in the ConstitutionRead More The Bush Administrations Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait4315 Words   |  18 Pages The Bush Administrations Relation With Iraq Prior to Iraqs Invasion of Kuwait Prior to the August 2, 1990 invasion of Kuwait on the part of Iraq, the United States had questionable relations with Iraq dictator, Saddam Hussein, to say the least. 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Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of Gilgamesh...

A Critique of Gilgamesh as a King in The Epic of Gilgamesh nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are some characteristics that most great kings have. All of the great kings did not have all of these characteristics, but they had some of them. Gilgamesh did not have many of these traits. Although he was a powerful king, he was not a great king. He had some good traits, such as being a leader, and fighting evil powers. He tormented his people, oppressed them them, exhausted them in daily life and in combat, and he gave himself the right to sleep with any unmarried woman. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gilgamesh uses his strength to get anything he wants. He especially uses his power to get women. He â€Å"demands to be first with the bride, the†¦show more content†¦In modern times, he would be arrested and maybe jailed for raping all those women. He uses his strength to do this, until Enkidu tries to stop him from entering the newlywed bride’s home. Enkidu becomes a great friend to Gilgamesh. He lets him know of his destiny to become a hero and famous. He informs him that his destiny is to kill Humbaba, the â€Å"watchman of the forest† who frightens all who explore the depths of the forest.(71) Gilgamesh listens to Enkidu and goes to kill Humbaba. He says, â€Å"I will go first although I am your lord.†(71) This is a good trait of Gilgamesh being a king because he is showing leadership skills and his ability to conquer his fears. Gilgamesh was selfish; leaving his people to find everlasting life. He did not find it, but he d id come across the plant that Utnapishtim told him about. Utnapishtim said, â€Å"There is a plant that grows under the water, it has a prickle like a thorn, like a rose; it will wound your hands, but if you succeed in taking it, then your hands will hold that which restores his lost youth to a man.†(116) Gilgamesh was strong enough to take a piece of the plant, but a serpent stole it from him, so he went back to having nothing. He always wanted to help himself rather than help his people, which is what a king’s job is. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Overall, Gilgamesh is a horrible king. His biggest problem is his selfishness. He uses his godly position to obtain whatever he wants. HisShow MoreRelatedA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh Essay examples1640 Words   |  7 PagesA Critical Appraisal of: Beowulf and Gilgamesh There are many differences and critical comparisons that can be drawn between the epics of Beowulf and Gilgamesh. Both are historical poems which shape their respected culture and both have major social, cultural, and political impacts on the development of western civilization literature and writing. Before any analysis is made, it is vital that some kind of a foundation be established so that a further, in-depth exploration of the complex natureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh 1284 Words   |  6 PagesPerhaps one of the earliest pieces of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh is a tale about a Mesopotamian king named Gilgamesh who crudely dominates the natural world surrounding his gleaming society. Juxtaposing Gilgamesh’s godlike stature, Enkidu is a wild beast used to counterbalance the king in a literary sense. The hierarchical dichotomy expressed in the epic has appeared thematically within numerous mediums, including the revered artwork of Jean-Michel Basquiat. Raised in the Lower East Side (LES)Read MoreThe Gilgamesh Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh2459 Words   |  10 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh consist of narratives in tablets that effectively forwards the ideology of kingship in Mesopotamia through a compilation of themes. Gilgamesh outward appearance was magnificent, but inwardly he was a relentless tyrannical king. The epic makes it clear that he was beautiful, strong, and wise collectively these facts intertwine with him being one-third god and two-third human. Oddly, Gilgamesh never effectively utilized his assets for the betterment of his people; rather he

Efforts To Eradicate Poliomyelitis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Through the attempts of the planetary run to eliminate infantile paralysis, infantile paralysis instances have declined worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988, to 1449 instances as of 28 October 2005, ( CDC ) . However, confirmed instances of wild infantile paralysis virus continue to be reported from Southern portion of Zimbabwe. This proposal aims to supply a wellness publicity instruction to the people of Gwanda, particularly the political and spiritual leaders who encouraged the boycott of immunization. We will write a custom essay sample on Efforts To Eradicate Poliomyelitis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the encouragement from the leaders the villagers believed that the vaccinum was contaminated by anti-fertility substances, others questioned the focal point on infantile paralysis when rubeolas and malaria were considered more harmful. Some besides distrusted claims about the safety of Western biomedicine. These concerns relate to inquiries about the rightness of perpendicular wellness intercessions, where degrees of everyday immunisation are low. Therefore a community based wellness publicity program after a wellness appraisal demand is done will be produced. Management of alteration theory by Lewin will be used in educating the leaders on infantile paralysis and the importance of immunization. Introduction In 1988, the World Health Assembly voted to implement a run to eliminate infantile paralysis by the terminal of the twelvemonth 2000, following the successful obliteration of variola in 1980 ( Henderson, 1999 ) . However, with 2971 confirmed new infantile paralysis instances worldwide by the terminal of 2000, the deadline was extended to 2004 ( WHO, 2004 ) . Although the figure of infantile paralysis instances has declined well worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988 to 1449 instances in 2005 ( 28 October ; WHO, 2005 ) , the end remains elusive. Cases continue to be reported, chiefly in India, Nigeria, Some parts of Zimbabwe, Pakistan, and Afghanistan ( Altman, 2006 ) , although eruptions in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, and Sudan in 2004 ( CDC, 2005, p. 874 ) , and in Indonesia and Yemen in 2005 ( McNeil ( 2005a ) and McNeil ( 2005c ) ) , which were once polio free, have besides been reported. This enterprise aims to better the wellness of disadvantaged kids in a province in Zimbabwe, through a wellness publicity programme. The proposal is aiming kids under the age of 5 old ages this will enable unsusceptibility for kids when turning up. The community spiritual and political leaders brought the state to a standstill by boycotting polio immunization among their community, claiming that it was infected with assorted diseases. The wellness publicity intends to accomplish this by affecting different spouses, and basic wellness publicity rules. Health publicity has emerged in the last decennary as an of import force to better both quality and measure of people ‘s lives. Sometimes termed ‘the new public wellness ‘ it seeks to back up and promote a participative societal motion that enables persons and communities to take control over their ain wellness. ( McDowall et al, 2006 ) . The necessity for wellness publicity is preponderantly identified via epidemiology which is by and large perceived as the chief scientific beginning for public wellness issues, ( Van der Maesena et Al, 2000 ) . Recently the significance of traditional epidemiology in this function has been questioned as traditional epidemiological methods may be excessively blunt excessively trade with the complications of today ‘s wellness jobs, ( Lancet and Nuffield ‘s Institute for Health, 2003 ) . Wallerstein, ( 2006 ) , notes that the challenge of modern wellness publicity is to better societal conditions related to wellness and in making so, non stay so reliant on epidemiology to place wellness jobs. Alongside the wellness motion emerged the thought of educating the populace for the good of its wellness ( Tibaijuka, 2005 ) . Therefore, the intent of wellness publicity is to beef up the accomplishments and capablenesss of persons to take action and the capacity of groups or communiti es to move jointly to exercise control over the hurts of wellness and achieve positive wellness. However, one would reason that each individual is accountable to their ain wellness and one can non coerce them to alter their wellness behavior, but to advice Banks ( 2001 ) believes that it is possible to warrant breaches of liberty if the purpose of wellness publicity is to forestall injury to society, and the agencies to accomplish this are ethically and lawfully appropriate. Annas ( 2003 ) argues that justification of disproportionality is possible on the footing that bar is better than remedy, if the remedy is well more expensive or hard, as intervention of homelessness or poorness would be. Clinical medical specialty has long been bound by an established codification of moralss. Possibly public justification would be easier were an in agreement codification of moralss available and used by all involved in wellness publicity, ( Sindall 2002 ) . Consequently the end of wellness publicity is non to coerce a place of perfect wellness on persons but to assist people to be every bit healthy as they desire to be. However it is non easy for wellness publicity due to societal determiners of wellness such as poorness which makes these persons determinations on their wellness behavior hard, hapless lodging conditions. Therefore the demand for shuting the spread of the inequalities in wellness should be addressed in any wellness publicity activity. Due to cultural values and positions on immunization, a challenge to alter will be proposed. Therefore, Kurt Lewin ‘s 1951 Management ‘s of Change Theory will be used in this proposal to alter the political spiritual leaders mind on immunization. Poliomyelitis in kids particularly the under-5 is a major job in this country and the universe at big, there are 3 types of the virus doing polio.Type-2 of the virus has been eliminated. In 2006, Type 1 infantile paralysis virus constituted 847 of the 1129 instance of infantile paralysis recorded in Zimbabwe ( CDC, 2007 ) . All the instances were recorded in the northern portion of the state therefore foregrounding the demand in that country. Gwanda State ranked 1th of the provinces affected with 356 instances. Merely four states ( Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan ) have ne’er experienced break of poliovirus transmittal. Zimbabwe had the largest figure of instances in 2006, accounting for 1,129 ( 56 % ) of the 2,002 instances reported globally. The figure of confirmed infantile paralysis instances in Zimbabwe attributed to both WPV type 1 ( WPV1 ) and type 3 ( WPV3 ) increased from 782 in 2004 to 830 in 2005 and to 1,129 in 2006 ( CDC 2007 ) . In the targeted northern provinces, local authorities countries ( LGAs ) offered other wellness intercessions when kids were brought to inoculation stations. These intercessions included distribution of soap, Datril, unwritten rehydration salts, anti-helminthics, and insecticide-treated bed cyberspaces to promote response to immunisation. The Disease Poliomyelitis is an infective disease that used to be the most common cause of palsy in immature people. For this ground, it was known as childish palsy. Polio was one time a common cause of decease, but widespread inoculation has greatly reduced it. Better hygiene and sanitation have helped, but inoculation is the most of import ground why this disease is now so rare. The words infantile paralysis ( Grey ) and myelon ( marrow, bespeaking the spinal cord ) are derived from the Greek. It is the consequence of infantile paralysis virus on the spinal cord that leads to the authoritative manifestation of palsy. Persons at hazard of polio.mainly affect kids under five old ages of age. ( CDC ) . Poliovirus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, household Picornaviridae. Enteroviruss are transeunt dwellers of the GI piece of land, and are stable at acerb pH. Picornaviruss are little, ether-insensitive viruses with an RNA genome. There are three poliovirus serotypes. There is minimum heterotypic unsusceptibility between the three serotypes. That is, unsusceptibility to one serotype does non bring forth important unsusceptibility to the other serotypes. The poliovirus is quickly inactivated by heat, methanal, Cl, and ultraviolet visible radiation. Polio is caused by poliovirus type-1, type-2 or type-3. Type-2 poliovirus has been eliminated, ( CDC ) The virus enters through the oral cavity, and primary generation of the virus occurs at the site of nidation in the throat and GI piece of land. The virus is normally present in the pharynx and in the stool before the oncoming of unwellness. One hebdomad after oncoming there is fewer viruses in the pharynx, but virus continues to be excreted in the stool for several hebdomads. The virus invades local lymphoid tissue, enters the blood stream, and so may infect cells of the cardinal nervous system. Reproduction of poliovirus in motor nerve cells of the anterior horn and encephalon root consequences in cell devastation and causes the typical manifestations of infantile paralysis, ( CDC ) . The unwellness progresses to flaccid palsy with lessened deep sinew physiological reactions, reaches a tableland without alteration for yearss to hebdomads, and is normally asymmetrical. Strength so begins to return. Patients do non see centripetal losingss or alterations in knowledge. Many individuals with paralytic infantile paralysis recover wholly and, in most, musculus map returns to some grade. Weakness or palsy still present 12 months after onset is normally permanent.CDC ) . Paralytic infantile paralysis is classified into three types, depending on the degree of engagement. Spinal infantile paralysis is most common, accounting for 79 % of paralytic instances. It is characterized by symmetric palsy that most frequently involves the legs. Bulbar infantile paralysis leads to failing of musculuss innervated by cranial nervousnesss and histories for 2 % of instances. Bulbo-spinal infantile paralysis, a combination of bulbar and spinal palsy, histories for 19 % of instances. The death-to-case ratio for paralytic infantile paralysis is by and large 2 % -5 % among kids and up to 15 % -30 % for grownups ( depending on age ) . It increases to 25 % -75 % with bulbar engagement. Epidemiology At one clip poliovirus infection occurred throughout the universe. Polio obliteration Program conducted by the Pan American Health Organization led to riddance of infantile paralysis in the Western Hemisphere in 1991. The Global Polio Eradication Program has dramatically reduced poliovirus transmittal throughout the universe. In 2005, merely 1,948 confirmed instances of infantile paralysis were reported globally and infantile paralysis was endemic in six states. ( WHO ) . Reservoir Worlds are the lone known reservoir of poliovirus, which, is transmitted most often by individuals with in-apparent infections. There is no symptomless bearer province except in Immune deficient individuals. Transmission Person-to-person spread of poliovirus via the faecal-oral path is the most of import path of transmittal, although the oral-oral path may account for some instances. Temporal Pattern Poliovirus infection typically peaks in the summer months in temperate climes. There is no seasonal form in tropical climes. Communicability Poliovirus is extremely infective, with sero-conversion rates among susceptible family contacts of kids about 100 % , and greater than 90 % among susceptible family contacts of grownups. Persons infected with poliovirus are most infective from 7 to 10 yearss before and after the oncoming of symptoms, but poliovirus may be present in the stool from 3 to 6 hebdomads. Prevention of infantile paralysis There is no remedy for infantile paralysis, it can merely be prevented. Polio vaccinum, given multiple times, can protect a kid for life. Polio is prevented by the DTaP/IPV/Hib ( five-in-one ) vaccinum, which is given during childhood. It provides unsusceptibility to polio, every bit good as diphtheria, lockjaw, whooping cough and Hib. The vaccinum was introduced in the UK in 2004, and has been used in Canada since 1997. Before the five-in-one vaccinum, kids were immunised against infantile paralysis with an unwritten ( taken by oral cavity ) vaccinum called Sabin. Although this is still available, the five-in-one vaccinum provides a similar or better degree of protection, and is the preferable signifier of immunization. Both types of vaccinum work by let go ofing really little sums ( strains ) of the virus into the organic structure. These strains are excessively weak to bring forth disease, and are easy fought off by the organic structure ‘s immune system. If you come into co ntact with the virus once more, your organic structure knows how to do antibodies to contend it off, ( WHO ) . Post-polio Syndrome After an interval of 30-40 old ages, 25 % -40 % of individuals who contracted paralytic infantile paralysis in childhood experience new musculus hurting and aggravation of bing failing, or develop new failing or palsy. This disease entity is referred to as postpolio syndrome. Factors that increase the hazard of post-polio syndrome include increasing length of clip since ague poliovirus infection, presence of lasting residuary damage after recovery from the ague unwellness, and female sex. The pathogenesis of post-polio syndrome is thought to affect the failure of outsize motor units created during the recovery procedure of paralytic infantile paralysis. Post-polio syndrome is non an infective procedure, and individuals sing the syndrome do non shed poliovirus ( CDC ) . Health Needs Assessment. Health demands appraisal is a new phrase to depict the development and polish of good established attacks to understanding the demands of a local population. Health needs appraisal may be defined as the systematic method of placing unmet wellness and health care demands of a population, and doing alterations to run into those unmet demands ( Wright, Williams and Wilkinson, 2008 ) . Another manner of specifying wellness demands appraisal is as a procedure of mensurating ill-health in a population. Under this definition wellness demands are viewed as wellness losingss, and wellness demands assessment involves the building of a wellness profile ( or instead an unwellness profile ) which in bend, relies on steps of incidence, prevalence and grade of badness of assorted wellness jobs in a population. The greater the sum of ill-health the greater is need ( Pickin and St Leger, 2004 ) . All wellness demands assessment concerns three cardinal elements: wellness jobs ( necessitate ) resources and results ( wellness addition ) ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Needs in wellness attention is normally defined as the capacity to profit. If wellness demands are to be identified so there should be an effectual intercession available to run into these demands and better wellness. Bradshaw ( 1972 ) classified needs into ; -Felt need ; equated to desire. An person ‘s perceptual experience of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Expressed demand ; felt demand turned to action. Persons seek aid to get the better of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Normative demand ; a professional defines intercession appropriate for the uttered demand. -Comparative demand ; comparing between demands for badness, size, scope of intercessions and cost. It is about equity. Health needs incorporates the wider societal and environmental determiners of wellness, such as want, lodging, diet, instruction, employment. This wider definition allows us to look beyond the confines of the medical theoretical account based on wellness services, to the wider influences on wellness. Health demands of a population will be invariably altering, and many will non be so conformable to medical intercession ( Wright, 2008 ) . It is necessary to set about a Health Need Assessment ( HNA ) to supply grounds about a population on which to be after service and address wellness inequalities, to supply an chance to prosecute with specific populations and enable them to lend to targeted service planning and resource allotment and eventually to supply an chance for cross-sectoral partnership working and developing originative and effectual intercessions. Therefore before any programs for the wellness publicity can be done, a demand of wellness demands appraisal in the province of G wanda is of importance. Undertaking HNA can give some benefits such as strengthen the community engagement in determination devising, bettering squad and partnership working, professional development of accomplishments and experience and better usage of resources ( Cavanagh and Chadwick,2005 ) . 2.1 Target Population Needs Assessment The country described in the appendix A ( State of Gwanda ) , the chief job is the scourge/effect of infantile paralysis on kids ( particularly the under-5years old ) . This is most distressing because there is proviso for immunisation. When this country is compared with the southern portion of the state, it can be seen that there is a really low prevalence rate of infantile paralysis in the South. Besides from the appendix, it can be seen that this country had the highest figure of polio instances in 2006 and the 2nd highest in 2005 of all the 44 local authorities countries ( LGAs ) in the province. The demands in this country can loosely be grouped into societal demands and wellness demands. Health demands will include the undermentioned ; a- Need for wellness instruction ; In northern Zimbabwe in 2003, the political and spiritual leaders of Gwanda State brought the immunisation run to a arrest by naming on parents non to let their kids to be immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccinums could be contaminated with anti-fertility agents ( estradiol endocrine ) , Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , and cancerous agents. Another of import factor that played a function in the infantile paralysis vaccinum boycott was the general misgiving of aggressive, aggregate immunisation plans in a state where entree to basic wellness attention is non easy available. The aggressive door-to-door mass immunisations that have slashed polio infections around the universe besides raised intuitions. From a Illiterate Zimbabwean ‘s position, to be offered free medical specialty is about every bit unusual as a alien ‘s traveling door to door in America and passing over $ 100 measures. It does non do any sense in a state where people struggle to obtain the mo st basic medical specialties and intervention at local clinics ( Jegede, 2007 ) . This boycott was caused by the spiritual and tribal leaders of the people who were non adequately educated on the polio issue. Because of the strong influence of these leaders on their topics and the low instruction degree, the impact had an overpowering consequence on the state and the universe as a whole. Therefore, public consciousness runs about inoculation are important. These should emphasize the value of immunisation and affect the media. Immunization messages can be packaged into vocals by local instrumentalists and can be communicated through play in the linguistic communication that local people understand ( Jegede, 2007 ) . b- Need for rehabilitation ; Paralysis is a subsequence of infantile paralysis ( appendix A ) . There is presently no plan on land to rehabilitate those crippled by the disease. This is an country that needs turn toing, to give the disabled a feeling of belonging and better their quality of life. c- Need for surveillance ; The Numberss quoted in the statistics may really be a tip of the iceberg as many more kids may hold been affected. A good surveillance squad should be on land to better the outreach during inoculation yearss. Door-to-door runs may be pursued more sharply. d- Need for policy devising ; In this society where spiritual, traditional and political leaders influence national and planetary issues, a national policy on immunisation against childhood diseases should be in topographic point. All kids delivered in wellness institutes should be made to have all the necessary vaccinums after proper wellness instruction is given to the parents. e- Need for farther research ; Even many old ages after the boycott, infantile paralysis eruptions remain a regular happening in Zimbabwe, and these demo some signifier of opposition to vaccinums. While three or four doses of infantile paralysis vaccinum administered to a immature baby are plenty to supply protection in most parts of the universe, in Zimbabwe, with so much infantile paralysis virus circulating, kids under five old ages must be immunized up to eight or more times ( Odutola,2004 ) . This creates the demand for more research into better vaccinums and manners of vaccine disposal. Social needs- It is a good established research happening that people who are socio-economically disadvantaged suffer a heavier load of unwellness and have higher mortality rates than their better-off opposite numbers ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . a- Need for better lodging ; Sing the manner of spread of the disease ( Appendix A ) proper waste disposal should be ensured by doing certain the houses have good and proper lavatory system. b- Need for H2O ; Provision of good and wholesome imbibing H2O will cut down the spread of the disease. The H2O beginnings for most portion of the community include Wellss and reservoirs which may be easy contaminated by fecal matters. Harmonizing to UNICEF in 2004 merely 67 % and 31 % of the population usage improved drinking H2O beginnings for urban and rural countries severally ( Appendix ) . c- Need for sanitation ; This can non be overemphasized. This will be aimed at cut downing or extinguishing the spread of the disease. 53 % of urban and 36 % of rural inhabitants used equal sanitation installations ( Appendix ) Collaborative Working Using collaborative working attack in the alteration procedure purposes to animate a shared vision to assist leaders understand the benefits and importance of immunization, including instruction and wellness publicity. The leaders will the first people that are targeted to educate as they have a strong influence to the villagers and where the 1s who initiated the boycott. Then parents and the remainder of the villagers after a complete trust has been gained from the leaders. The spouses involved in this wellness publicity will be the small town spiritual and political leaders, Zimbabwean Ministry of wellness, school nurses, local physician, NGO, and other wellness professionals in the community and the media. A spoke adult male from the other State who has witnessed the benefits of immunization in his province will be available to speak. This could promote the leaders one time hearing it from their native brother. Collaborative/Partnership working has become a cardinal characteristic of British societal public assistance policy since 1997, ( Downie, 2000 ) . Although this development is applicable to all countries of public public assistance, nowhere is it more apparent than in the planning and proviso of attention that overlaps wellness and societal services. The New NHS: Morden and reliable ( 2005 ) places great trade of accent on partnership working with many other New Labour paperss following suit ( Demolishing the Berlin wall ) . However on the other manus Wildridge et Al, ( 2004 ) argues that partnership working is non in and of itself a good thing. The public-service corporation of working in partnership must be related to the desired result. Therefore it is merely deserving working in partnership if such working agreements will really assist accomplish the coveted end. Furthermore, there appears to hold confusion around the definition and nomenclature of partnership working with many o ther labels such as co-operations, coaction and joint working, ( Haxham, 2000, Lasker et al 2001 ) . They farther indicate out that whichever term is used it can intend different things to different people under different fortunes. Therefore, Lowndes ( 2007 ) describes partnership working as a assortment of agreements with different intents, clip graduated tables, constructions, runing processs and members between organisations, groups, bureaus persons and the community as a whole. Haxham ( 2000 ) further comments that coaction working achieves what would be hard or impossible for an organisation to make on its ain hence collaborative working is besides known as partnership working. Likewise Banks ( 2002 ) points out that at times cardinal policy may necessitate a partnership attack, nevertheless if the driver for bureaus working together is principally authorities insisting on them moving, the internal moral force for coaction may be weak. Therefore, taking to a partnership neglecting to travel beyond a presentation undertaking stage, without enduring impact, ( Williamson, 2001 ) . Management of Change Strategy The job highlighted earlier helped set up the principle for alteration. By working collaboratively with the local professionals will promote the leaders to see the benefits of immunisation, without the concern of merely acquiring the information from a alien? Change means loss, and those presenting change demand to recognize the natural heartache and opposition that derive from this sense of loss, which can besides alarm them to possible defects in their proposals, ( Todnem, 2005 ) . To convey approximately successful alteration one should be motivated and believed that alteration is good. Change direction has been defined as the procedure of continually regenerating an organisation ‘s way, construction, and capablenesss to function the ever-changing demands of external and internal clients ( Moran and Brightman, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Burnes, ( 2004 ) alteration is an ever-present characteristic of organizational life, both at an operational and strategic degree. Therefore, there should be no uncertainty sing the importance to any administration of its ability to place where it needs to be in the hereafter, and how to pull off the alterations required acquiring at that place. Consequently, organizational alteration can non be sepa rated from organizational scheme, or frailty versa ( Burnes, 2004 ; Rieley and Clarkson, 2001 ) . Due to the importance of organizational alteration, its direction is going a extremely required managerial accomplishment ( Senior, 2002 ) . Children provide the cardinal component for the future prosperity of society ( Department for Education and accomplishment, 2003 ) . Therefore, alteration direction is peculiarly of import when developing services for kids and their households, ( DH, 2004 ) . Children came from assorted socio-economic and cultural background, it is imperative that all kids receive appropriate wellness attention. If kids become excluded from preventive intercessions and wellness attention surveillance coders, their peculiar demands may non be identified, ( DH, 2004 ) . Therefore taking to hapless kid development, which will impact their quality of life. Change direction has been viewed as a accomplishment to make, follow and reassign cognition to reflect cognition and penetrations, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) A principle for alteration is necessary before any alteration can be implementated. Therefore, for the community of Gwanda to help their kids ‘s wellness, their immunisation on the kids has to be implemented. In wellness attention theories are used to convey about planned changed. Planned alteration involved, acknowledging a job and making a program to turn to it, ( Sturdy and Grey, 2002 ) . Assorted alteration theories have been identified within the wellness sector. Therefore taking the right alteration theory is of paramount importance as all alteration theories do non suit any alteration, ( Linstead and Linstead, 2004 ) , Abrahamson, 2000 ) . Kurt Lewin 1951 and Lippitts and Haveloxks direction of alteration theories are the most planned alteration direction theories used in the wellness sector, ( Black, 2000 ) , and their influence still holds in the industry. Planned alteration basically, single behaviour alteration requires two conditions to be met: acquisition has to happen and motive to use the acquisition has to be, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) . However writers such as Collings, ( 2003 ) and Buchannan and Badham, ( 2000 ) criticize planned alteration claiming that, planned alteration is assumed to hold a clear cut and distinct start and coating, small or no history is taken of the demand for organisation to react in a dynamic and unstable manner to uninterrupted ( frequently external ) force per unit areas of alteration. As Weick ( 2000 ) noted, the chief critics of planned alteration tend to piece under the streamer of emergent alteration. Weick ( 2000 ) states that: Emergent alteration consists of ongoing adjustments, versions, and changes that produce cardinal alteration without a priori purposes to make so. Emergent alteration occurs when people reaccomplish modus operandis and when they deal with eventualities, dislocations, and chances in mundane work. Much of this alteration goes unnoticed, because little changes are lumped together as noise in otherwise uneventful inactiveness. As the emergent attack to alter is comparatively new compared to the planned attack, it is argued that it still lacks coherency and a diverseness of techniques ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Wilson, 1992 ) . Another unfavorable judgment of the emergent attack is that it consists of a instead disparate group of theoretical accounts and attacks that tend to be more united in their agnosticism to the planned attack to alter than to an agreed option ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Dawson, 1994 ) . However, harmonizing to Burnes ( 2006 ) the general pertinence and cogency of the emergent attack to organizational alteration depends on whether or non one believes that all administrations operate in dynamic and unpredictable environments to which they invariably have to accommodate. However, for this proposal planned direction of alteration will be used. The alteration theory by Lewin has three stages. Lewin saw that planned alteration is chiefly aimed at bettering the operation and effectivity of the human side of the organisation through participative, group- and team-based coders of alteration ( Burnes, 2004 ; 2000 ) . Lewin died in 1947, but his attack to planned alteration was broadened out and updated by the organisation development motion and applied to organization-wide enterprises such as civilization and structural alteration coders ( Cummings and Worley, 2001 ) . Phase 1 Unfreezing: Lewin believed that the stableness of human behaviour was based on a quasi-stationary equilibrium supported by a complex field of driving and keeping forces. He argued that the equilibrium needs to be destabilized ( unfrozen ) before old behaviour can be discarded ( unlearnt ) and new behaviour successfully adopted. Therefore naming jobs an consciousness of the demand to alter. At this phase persons are motivated to follow a new position that enables them to comprehend that the current state of affairs can be improved. The forces driving towards and keeping persons from following a alteration must be identified, in this instance the small towns, political and spiritual leaders who are resisted to alter are identified and schemes are to be devised to beef up the drive forces and to weaken the restraining forces. This could be done by educating the small town leaders about infantile paralysis, how kids get infantile paralysis and how to forestall it. Talk to the leaders about their fri ghts if the alteration has to go on. The negotiations and group engagement will so garner information that will place forces that will impact alteration, as in a force field analysis, ( Boje, 2000 ) . Consequently, these can be implemented to present alteration in aiming to cut down infantile paralysis among kids ; in this instance, the drive forces for alteration resulted from kids with high Numberss of infantile paralysis in the territory and the deficiency of good instruction information for the community. During this phase the leaders will be encouraged to voice concerns and frights, and will be given clip to be educated and all answered to their satisfaction. The pedagogues will press the Leaders to see the demand to better attention for the kids. The procedure of squad edifice through group engagement of the wellness boosters, instructors, school nurse and the leaders will promote accepting and back uping alteration. ( Carnal, 2003 ) notes that during the unfreezing stage, it is of import to promote inquiries and advance attitudes that might impact alteration. Measure 2 Traveling Traveling to a desired, province through the execution of new systems. As Schein ( 2006 ) notes, unfreezing is non an terminal in itself, it creates motive to larn but does non needfully command or foretell the way. Alternatively, one should seek to see all the forces at work to place and measure, on a test and mistake footing, all the available options ( Lewin, 1947 ) . Changing breakage of old wonts and acceptance of new accomplishments and behaviour. In the devising phase, unfastened communicating and engagement of the leaders in developing the alteration in perspecting will be encouraged. Once persons feel actively involved and personally committed to a undertaking, they will be more likely to back up its successful execution, ( Shelton and Darling 2001 ) . Sufficient instruction and support during the traveling phase will assist the leaders achieve a new comfort zone, ( Carney, 2000 ) . Conger ( 2000 ) notes that any alteration is an implied menace, and the individuals affected, frequently vacillate between the loss of the old manner and the chances of the new. The traveling phase terminals when alteration is implemented and new behaviour encouraged. When alterations are introduced, a period of destabilization is to be expected. Therefore, committedness and motive from the leaders every bit good as the squad as a whole, is required to do this phase successful. The leaders will be encouraged by the fact they will hold kids in the community who do non hold infantile paralysis, and the benefit of the cognition of the importance of immunisation non merely for infantile paralysis. Measure 3: refreezing: Re-freezing or internalising new behaviours and attitudes to forestall and attitudes to forestall to forestall a return old ways of operating. This is the concluding measure in the three-step theoretical account. Refreezing seeks to stabilise the group at a new equilibrium in order to guarantee that the new behaviours are comparatively safe from arrested development. Carr ( 2001 ) noted that the freeze phase is of import to capture informations that reveal the result of the alteration and describe them. Watchfulness is required to forestall back sliding and old wont patterns return. Many alterations fail because of deficiency of attending to this concluding phase, ( Carney, 2004: Horsefly and Ross-Smith, 2002 ) . Lewin saw these three elements as being used and working together instead than being seen as separate theories. As Burnes ( 2004 ) notes, in order to accomplish successful alteration, Lewin believed it was necessary: to analyse and understand how societal groupings were form ed, motivated and maintained. This required the usage of both field theory and group kineticss and to alter the behaviour of societal groups. A demand to both action research and the three-step theoretical account of alteration. Doyle et Al. ( 2000 ) claim that there is inclination in the wellness sector of implementing alteration, so travel on without doing certain that the alteration is lasting. To seek and alter excessively much excessively rapidly is likely to be counterproductive as people will non be able to cover with it efficaciously. The acceptance of an bossy attack to alter, or an over ambitious one, shows a failure to appreciate the human facets of alteration and is likely to bring forth fright, uncertainness and ill will, ( Mullins, 2000 ) . Therefore in this case the leaders will be advised that the alteration will foremost be targeted at a certain figure of freshly born with consequence of turn overing out to all babes in a three month period. However, it must be stressed the importance of all the kids to be immunized every bit shortly as possible. Communication is both a contributory factor to alter, therefore is closely linked to the manner of direction. Lack of communicating efficaciously run the hazard that programs and motivations will be misunderstood and lead to bring forth opposition, ( Mentol et al. 2002 ) . Garvin ( 2000 ) notes, that rumour and guess can make full the nothingness. Decision In decision, an of import aim or result of wellness demands appraisal is to convey about ‘health addition ‘ . Clearly, the peculiar wellness addition sought depends in portion on what demand is being assessed. In many types of wellness demand assessment the coveted type of wellness addition is a decrease of mortality and morbidity. Outcomes or aims can include non merely those which ‘add old ages to life ‘ , but besides those which add ‘life to old ages ‘ . Bettering ‘quality of life ‘ is hence besides another of import result ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Health results such as alterations in morbidity and mortality are the consequence non merely of wellness attention intercessions but besides of wider societal alterations and policies which affect wellness, such as policies concerned with the environment or general alterations in life criterions. As can be seen from the above, proper wellness instruction and engagement of the interes t holders in the planning of proviso of immunisation is paramount in accomplishing the obliteration of infantile paralysis in the country, Zimbabwe and the universe as a whole. How to cite Efforts To Eradicate Poliomyelitis Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility free essay sample

What are the arguments for and against the concept of corporate social responsibility? Where do you stand, and why? An argument for corporate social responsibility is that many think they should assume the role because it states they they are thinking of the people and how they are creating a win/win situation. Those that are against are purely looking at the bottom margin and look no further or care. For me I am all for it. It states that they do care about were they do business, how they effect others, and how it may effect the environment if it does at all. Do your opinions match those of your organization? No! This company I work for can do better in regards to thinking of the environment in my opinion. They are more concerned about profit margin or sustaining it. I do think they do some charity stuff butt I never hear about it or for wich charity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Give your opinions, specifically, with respect to discussions of American tobacco companies, the current bail out of Wall Street and your organization. My opinion on the subject of American tobacco is first that I do not smoke nor do I agree with the companies. Research has shown the pros ( almost none) in my opinion and the cons to it. But, It is the peoples decision / choice that keeps the companies in business. As long as they have consumers they will continue to tax and have a business. Do they show their concerns to what is being effected and the trickle down effect to kids. I do not see any. As far as the bail out of Wall Street†¦wish I had the money to try it. But these are very well educated people that guesed wrong or their equation was smuged. If I new I could be bailed out from a money situation I would do it again. So what’s not to say that this will occur again. A Call to All Enlightened CapitalistsThe free market ideology is dead. Those that have espoused that the market is efficient enough to be left alone without any conscience, regulation or transparency (they say all the important information is available) cringe at the thought of the government bailing out business. A ten-page Tobacco Institute document from 1982 titled The Development of Tobacco Industry Strategy indicates that the tobacco industrys early corporate social responsibility programs were developed as part of an overall strategy to address eroding tobacco industry power and credibility. The industry was facing multiple challenges in areas of health, taxes, ingredients, product labeling, advertising, product specifications and import-export. For the first time, industry adversaries were becoming more organized and unified. The industry found formerly firmly committed supporters diminishing in federal and state legislative bodies the playing field was being defined and drawn too often by our adversaries. To address these challenges, the Institute proposed that the industry become more involved in public service and social affairs as a way To receive broad recognition for responsible public service, i. . to offset the notion that we place profitability above public welfare. The potential positive outcomes of adopting programs of this nature, wrote the Institute, may be increased goodwill andi reputation of the tobacco industry; strengthening of social and economic systems in which the industry operates; the ability to affect the problem areas that most concern the to bacco industry and simultaneously obtain tax benefits; a more sophisticatedunderstanding by government regulators of the needs/behaviors of industry. For example, a program to discourage teens from smoking (an adult decision) might prevent or delay further regulation of the tobacco industry. The paper further states the expectation of a return on their investment in such programs.

Human Resources Essays - Human Resource Management, Employment

Human Resources With today's workforce becoming increasingly diverse and organizations doing more to maximize the benefits of the differences in employees, Human Resource managers are evolving from the "old school" sideline player to the front-line fighters. Organizations are relying on managers to get the people who get the job done, and of course, make the company money. People have always been central to organizations, but their strategic importance is growing in today's knowledge-based business world like never before. An organization's success increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its employees, particularly as they help establish a set of core competencies which distinguish one organization from its competitors. When employees' talents are valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and organize, an organization can achieve a sustained competitive advantage. In order to "compete through people", an organization has to be able to do a good job of managing their human capital: the knowledge, skills, and capabilities that add value to the organizations. Managers must develop strategies for identifying, recruiting, and hiring the best talent available. Develop these individuals in ways that are specific to the needs of their individual firms, encourage them to generate new ideas while familiarizing them with the company strategies, invite information sharing, and rewarding collaboration and team work. The basis on which compensation payments are determined, and the way they are administered, can significantly affect employee productivity and the achievement of organizational goals. Establishing compensation programs require both large and small organizations to consider specific goals. Employee retenti on, compensation distribution and adherence to the budget must be carefully weighted against the overall organizational goals and expectations. Compensation must reward employees for past performance while serving as a motivation tool for future performances. Internal and external equity of the pay program will affect employees' concepts of fairness. Organizations must balance each of the concerns while still remaining competitive. For internal equity an organization can use one of the basic job evaluation techniques to determine relative worth of job. The most common are the ranking and classification methods. The job ranking system arranges jobs in numerical order on the basis of the importance of the job's duties and responsibilities to the organization. Job classification slots jobs into preestablished grades with higher rated grades requiring more responsibilities, working conditions, and job duties. External equity can be determined by a wage survey. Data obtained from the surveys will facilitate establishing the organization's wage policy while ensuring that the employer does not pay more, or less, than needed for jobs in the relevant labor market. Base salary is only one aspect of a retention plan for important employees. Benefits and incentive plans are valuable perks in recruiting and retaining essential employees. Benefits are an established and integral part of the total compensation package. In ord er to have a sound benefits package there are certain basic considerations. It is essential that a program be based on specific objectives that are compatible with the organizational philosophy and policies as well as affordable to the company. By utilizing a flexible benefits package, employees are able to choose those benefits that are best suited to their individual needs. Incentive pay plans can be advantageous to both the employer as well as the employee. The success of an incentive pay plan depends on the organizational climate in which it must operate, employee confidence in it, and its suitability to employee and organizational needs. Importantly, employees must view the incentive plan to be equitable and related to their performance. Performance measures should be quantifiable, easily understood, and bear a demonstrated relationship to organizational performance. Performance appraisal programs serve many purposes, but in general those purposes can be clustered into two categories: administrative and developmental. The administrative purposes include decisions about who will be promoted, transferred, or laid-off. They can also include compensation decisions and the like. Developmental decisions include those related to improving and enhancing an individual's capabilities. These include identifying a person's strength and weaknesses, eliminating external performance obstacles, and establishing training needs. Within many organizations, performance appraisals are seen as a necessary evil. Managers frequently avoid conducting appraisals because they dislike playing the role of judge. As a result appraisals are conduct annually, for good or evil, and

Frock Rock Essays - African-American Music, Music, Free Essays

Frock Rock Essays - African-American Music, Music, Free Essays Frock Rock FROCK ROCK is a Melbourne-based jazz ensemble focusing on original compositions and improvisation. The group promotes a high standard of performance and professionalism gained through the years of experience and learning of its individual members. All of its members have studied music and improvisation at the prestigious Victorian College of the Arts (VCA). Two of the members in FROCK have returned to lecture there, while the remaining members are educators at tertiary and secondary school level around the state of Victoria. The VCA brings together the finest musicians in Australia, both as teachers and students, and is representitive of the ethnic culture in Australia. It is from this cross-cultural melting pot that the ensemble has been born. Drawing on a wide range of influences, and using a typical jazz instrumentation, the group creates a sound that combines styles in the jazz music of the new and the old and sets a trend for the future. Traditional acoustic instruments meet their modern electric counterparts, classical European folk forms get a modern jazz treatment, A unique sound experience. Band Members Craig Beard Vibraphone, Marimba Tuned and untuned percussion Craig has been a performer and educator for fifteen years. He studied with Dave Samuels and has recorded for the ABC with Doug de Vries and Edward York. Craig teaches at the VCA and aT Box Hill TAFE. He performs regularly as a sideman with people such as Joe Camillieri and the New Guinea Bharatam Dance Troupe. Craig writes a column for the national magazine DRUMSCENE. Anthony Schulz Piano Accordian and piano For the past thirteen years Anthony has performed as an accordianist and pianist throughout Australia. He has worked in all genres from folk to funk and back to jazz. Anthony teaches at the VCA and is a full-time lecturer at Box Hill TAFE. Adam Starr Guitar and vocals Adam studied improvisation at the VCA, graduating with Anthony in 1995. A prolific composer, he plays in many different groups for which his music is the centrepiece. Adam is the MD of pop band BURST, top covers band JACOBS DREAM, and is active in soundtrack and television composition. He teaches contemporary and classical guitar. Simon Starr Acoustic Bass Since completing his studies at the VCA in 1993, Simon has worked constantly as a freelance musician and in ensembles of his owns, which feature his compositions. He augmented his studies in New York, learning from Dave Holland, which has held him in good stead for his gigs with such jazz identities as James Morrison, renowned American jazz educator Mark Levine, Barney McAll and Tony Gould. One of the rising stars of the Australian music scene. Dave is in high demand as a first-call session player, theatre pit musician and jazz ensemble member. Dave is the youngest drummer to have an international endorsement with Premier drums and Zildjian cymbals (USA) and plays their equipment on 'In Melbourne Tonight' (channel 9), and with stars such as Randy Crawford, Venetta Fields, Alan Zavod, Kerrie Biddel, Christine Sullivan, Jane Rutter and the MSO, Don Burrows and Tony Gould.

Health Management Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Management Systems - Case Study Example Taking HMS as a perfect sample, this paper seeks to answer critical questions regarding the company, among them concerning the management structure, management strategies, use of technology and the company’s viability. The Organizational Structure of Health Management System (HMS) Like most successful companies, HMS has a solid management structure. The management is arranged in a hierarchy. There are different departments that are interrelated although they provide different services. Currently, the company is headed by Steve Starkey as the president. Down the hierarch are vice presidents of key departments. Some of these departments include; Sales, accounts, product development, human resource and finance. Each department has its own cluster of employees who see the smooth running of each department. For example, in the accounts department, there are other sub-departments like document management system, contract management systems and patient statements and e-payment soluti ons. The company has subordinate members of staff who are in charge of various auxiliary services. The staff mainly works for the well being of other employees. They carry out services like preparing meals, cleaning and driving. Ownership of the company HMS is arguably a big company, judged by the number of employees, space and the scope of the market it serves the company has embraced partnership with different organization in efforts to realize its mission. The major partners of the company include IBM premium business partner, Vision solutions, 3M, Capsule Technologies, Passport Health Communications, and Wolters Kluwer. All these partners are software producing companies. The partners hold a considerable amount of shares in the company. However, the board of executives consists of members with shares in the company. Management The organization’s administration is a core pride of the company. For managers to carry out their stipulated duties, they understand their stipulat ed roles properly. A role is defined as an expected set of activities resulting from a job (DuBrin J. A. 2008). The company is headed by high caliber members of the board of executives. This leadership stretches to various departments each headed by a manager. In most departments, there is a president and a vice president. Marketing Strategy The company tactfully implements its marketing strategy via a well established partnership between marketing and sales departments. These are some of the strategies that the company employs: 1. Use of research analysts These analysts are specially trained to carry out market analysis and determine the viability of a market. The analysts carry out interviews in different community hospitals and determine the kind of technology used in carrying out their activities, information systems and patient documents systems. 2. Seminars and Trade Shows The same department promotes its products through seminars and trade shows to potential community hospita l owners and health practitioners. 3. Education Education is one of the best ways to mobilize, inform and market a company’s products. HMS has effectively used this tool as a marketing strategy. The company has an Education Administrative Assistant working in partnership with the marketing department to carry out the duty of advertising the courses offered by the company. This platform opens an opportunity for the company to sell not only its computer related products

Information Technology Project Management System thinking Essay

Information Technology Project Management System thinking - Essay Example Although Smith says that their 6000-plus health care workers participated in the system's development and implementation, I have found no details on just how this came about. Baker describes the need for the staff to have an ID and password before they could treat hospital patients. Improvement in services, especially pharmacy, is also mentioned, as well as a faster time to get test results in other departments such as X-ray. What isn't mentioned are the obstacles met and resolved during implementation of the new technology. Baker does say that, according to Smith, other systems, not referred to by name, were studied and found to be lacking, and the reason for one failure was because staff usage was voluntary, and not enough people signed up to use it. This is the only reference to an obstacle. Baker says that Smith attributes the success of Epic at ENH to the commitment of management to make it a priority. In fact, most of the credit is given to management, even though cooperation o f staff appeared to be very much a contributing factor. Although Baker did describe the system set up with staff to make the system work, none of the pros or cons faced by them was covered. Comments: In past years, especially before the year 2000, patient record keeping in health institutions focused far more on the financial records of the institution, with computer usage mostly in accounting. Patient tracking did not always exist as a complete package, combining physician, laboratory, hospital, and information records. Because of layoffs in the health field, in clerical as well as medical areas, filing was not always up to date, and records were sometimes missing. This led to medical errors. The computer as an interconnected unit collecting all information on a single patient was not being utilized. As the millennium drew near, the need for updated systems of communication through information technology became evident, and a concerted effort was made to prevent data loss with the advent of Y2K. Even though the anticipated problems never really materialized, the use of electronics became the system of choice for record keeping and intercommunication. The institution of new pro grams and increased computer usage meant setting up training programs for workers who often had no previous computer knowledge. One factor not addressed in Baker's article is whether management explored assistive technology to aid disabled people in an age in which the emphasis is on equal access and function. According to a recent article on access for the disabled, "at the systems (or public technology) level, technology provides access that enhances community integration and equal opportunity. ("Technology for Access and Function," par. 3). In looking to the future of information technology in health care, the events that followed Hurricane Katrina and Rita in Louisiana were unprecedented, and that state finds itself rebuilding its health care system. The Rand Corporation set up an institute for a

Ecosystems and Trophic Levels. Tropical Rainforest Assignment

Ecosystems and Trophic Levels. Tropical Rainforest - Assignment Example There is an estimate that approximately 20 to 86 species of trees exist per acre of these forests. Trees lies in several vertical layers named as Emergent layer, Canopy layer, under story layer, shrub layer and ground layer (Davis, 2007). So scientists consider this area as species-richest biomes on this planet that is very unique due to its complex ecosystems. Food Chain: In tropical rainforest there are hundreds of interlinked food chains those when combined result in a complex and huge food web. Tropical rainforests food chain has four levels First level is dominated by plants, fruits, leaves, planktons etc Second level is made up by the herbivores (animals which eat plants) such as insects, small reptiles, nectar eating birds and some large animals such as monkeys, apes etc. Small carnivorous animals (meat eating animals) make the third level and these include rodents, and some small reptiles. Large carnivorous animals such as snakes make the fourth level. Last and fifth level is dominated by the large dangerous carnivores such as pythons, alligators tigers etc. Symbiotic Relationships and energy transfer within various levels: Life in tropical rainforest is difficult and there is a strong competition between different species. Hundreds of species have developed symbiotic relationship with other species in order to survive in such a highly competitive environment. In a symbiotic relationship both species are mutually benefited. ... Primary producers also named as autotrophs are the only living being which use the sunlight energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates (Pipe, 2008). Then comes primary consumers, which consume autotrophs and utilize their energy for their living. In this way energy is transferred from one level to next level. In energy pyramid third and fourth level is occupied by secondary and tertiary consumers. Secondary consumer depends on plants as well as on primary consumers for their energy requirement whereas secondary consumers (carnivore) feed on secondary consumers (Davis, 2007). As energy is transferred from one level to another, it becomes lesser in amount as some energy is lost as heat energy. Indeed only 1.2% of energy is transmitted to the next higher level in this energy pyramid. Decomposers or detritivores form the last level of energy pyramid. Detritivore include bacteria, fungi and virus. And these are the organisms which nourish on dead plants and animals and derive energy by decomposing these dead bodies. In this way they change the complex organic substances of the dead bodies into their simpler form that is further utilized by the plants to synthesize their food. In this way decomposers serve as a link between autotrophs and consumers. Decomposers also serve to clean the environment (Pipe, 2008). Human interference: This valuable resource of earth is under threat due to human activities. Extension in human settlements, need for the more and more agricultural land, construction of roads and need of wood have resulted in quick deforestation of this tropical rainforest. As a result of this deforestation large area has lost its vegetative cover as well hundreds of thousands of other species that inhabited or

American History: The 1960s

American History: The 1960s Looking back through the annals of history, the 1960s stands out as a highly important decade in American History. During this decade, the United States was rocked by political scandal in the form of the Bay of Pigs incident and widespread terror and fear in the form of the Cuban Missile Crisis that followed in its wake. In addition, the African-American Civil Rights Movement hit its stride, becoming one of the most powerful and most frequently covered events in the media as African-Americans spoke out and protested against the racial inequalities and segregation that they had been forced to endure for so long. This was also a decade of great loss, and many prominent figureheads, such as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and John and Robert Kennedy in the Modern Civil Rights Movement were the targets of assassin s bullets and taken from this world. The 1960s was a tumultuous but undeniably important decade in American history and is easily one of the most important times in the development of our nation. The Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt made by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of the United States government to lead trained Cuban exiles in a plan to invade Cuba and overthrow the government of Fidel Castro. This plan was a colossal failure on the part of the United States government which led to public embarrassment for the United States on the global stage. Relations between the two governments had already been quite strained after Fidel Castro came into power in 1959 but the Bay of Pigs incident strained relations between the two nations to their breaking point. In retrospect, it is amazing that the Bay of Pigs invasion was given approval by the President but some historical scholars have likened this problem to a lack of proper communication between the office of the President and the CIA. The Cuban Missile Crisis was an international incident that occurred when United States military intelligence discovered the existence of several nuclear missiles in various spots throughout Cuba that had apparently been supplied by the Soviet Union. The United States immediately began to try to convince Cuba to disarm and dispose of the missiles. This led to a period of short-lived but widespread fear that Cuba was prepared to launch these missiles at the United States and of a possible invasion. Faced with the wide range of overt political and economic maneuvers against the Castro regime, it was not unreasonable for Cuban and Soviet leaders to be concerned in 1962 over intensified U.S. hostile action against Cuba, including the possibility of an invasion (Steinberg). Once the missiles were discovered, the United States was in a very difficult political position in that it must be decided to either take offensive action against Cuba or do something less proactive while still achieving the same goal of Cuba s disarmament and disposal of the missiles. The only way in which domestic politics have been generally thought to have affected the U.S.s behavior was by providing a generalized incitement to the Kennedy administration to do something about Cuba and the Soviet missiles (McKeown). At this point, there was immense pressure on the President to act which resulted in what is considered to be poor decision making. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a very important event in American history to look back and reflect upon not only because of the event itself but because of the impact it had on American politics as a whole. This is the closest the United States has ever come to thermonuclear war and resulted in numerous changes to American foreign policy and other relations with foreign nations. In the 1960s, the modern Civil Rights Movement hit its stride in which several prominent figures rose into the spotlight and several nonviolent protests were acted out to secure the basic civil rights that African-Americans had been denied for so long. Led by many prominent and well respected leaders, these rights were hard won and required a great deal of effort from the African-American community as a whole. One of the earliest and most prominent protests of the 1960s was undertaken by African Americans taking rides on interstate busses heading into southern states, where the buses had yet to be integrated. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of the 1950s likely laid much of the groundwork needed for these Freedom Rides to be organized and carried out. Most of these rides were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and were instrumental in integrating and de-segregating both seating on the busses themselves and the interstate bus terminals. These rides were highly dangerous for African-Americans at the time and many of the residents of those southern states did not take well to blacks attempting to circumvent the Jim Crow Laws which were the norm of southern states at the time. Despite being backed by recent federal rulings that it was unconstitutional to segregate bus riders, the Freedom Riders met with obstinate resistance as in Birmingham and Montgomery, where white supremacists attacked bus depots themselves (Gross). Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are widely regarded as two of the most prominent African-American figures during the Modern Civil Rights Movement but, as prominent as the two men were; their views on how the Civil Rights Movement should be carried out were vastly dissimilar. Dr. King was very outspoken in his fight against the injustices suffered at the hands of African-Americans at the time but despite the violence that African-Americans were typically met with in their protests, he asserted a policy of nonviolent resistance. In his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, King asserts that Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored (King). This speaks to his position of advocacy of nonviolent resistance that sends a powerful and unavoidable message. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter from Birmingham Jail is widely considered to be one of the single most important pieces of protest literature to be written during the modern Civil Rights Movement and one of Dr. King s biggest achievements. In this letter, Dr. King reasserted his stance on the use of nonviolent means of protest as the means of advancing the interests of the African-American people while appealing to his fellow members of the Alabama clergy. This letter was instrumental in the fight towards black civil rights and is widely regarded to be one of the most important pieces of such writing in history. Malcolm X on the other hand preached a very different policy in regards to the methodology that should be used by African-Americans in securing their civil rights. In his By Any Means Necessary speech, he asserts that We declare our right on this earth to be a man, to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence by any means necessary (Malcolm X). In saying this, Malcolm X is clearly asserting that African-Americans should fight for their rights and attain them at all costs, even if they must resort to violence. He also asserts during a speech at the Ford Auditorium. So I dont believe in violence thats why I want to stop it. And you cant stop it with love, not love of those things down there, no. So, we only mean vigorous action in self-defense and that vigorous action we feel were justified in initiating by any means necessary (Ali). During the mid and late 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement lost two of its most prominent figures. In 1965, Malcolm X, who had until then been a very outspoken figurehead of Black Nationalism, was assassinated in New York City as he was trying to deliver a speech. Malcolm X was largely considered to be a political and ideological leader of the Civil Rights Movement and his death was one that greatly impacted the movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s assassination occurred much later in the decade, on April 4, 1968. While standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Hotel in Memphis, Tennessee, Dr. King was fatally shot. News of his assassination led to rioting in dozens of cities across America. However, the outcome of his assassination could largely be attributed as marking the end of the modern Civil Rights Movement. The United States government was essentially forced into abolishing the segregationist policies that existed at the time. The assassinations of these two individuals both had different effects on the modern Civil Rights Movement as a whole. The assassination of Malcolm X led to a different sort of impact on the Civil Rights Movement. Due to Malcolm X s highly publicized departure from the Nation of Islam, his assassination was largely attributed to members of the Nation of Islam, creating tension between black Islamic and Muslim groups. In addition, two other prominent figures in the fight for African-American civil rights were assassinated as well, and these two people were both brothers, John and Robert Kennedy. John F. Kennedy hadn t been a very vocal civil rights activist in his time as President and preceding his death but despite that, he was instrumental in passing key civil rights legislation and took a stand against racial segregation in many instances. For example, when former Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in front of the University of Alabama doors, barring two black students from registering for classes, President Kennedy intervened. Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach called President Kennedy and alerted him to what Wallace was doing; President Kennedy federalized the Alabama National Guard to help with the crisis. Ultimately, Wallace stepped aside and the two students were allowed to register for classes (Elliott). Robert Kennedy was a very outspoken figure in the fight for African-American civil rights and spoke publicly against segregationist policies and the racism that permeated many aspects of American culture and institutions. Robert Kennedy was a prime candidate for election in the 1968 Presidential election and built much of his campaign on the platform of African-American Civil Rights and believed that the foundations of American integrity should be based on equality for all American citizens. On April 4, 1968, after he had learned of Dr. King s assassination, Robert Kennedy delivered an impromptu speech in Indianapolis, Indiana which is largely said to be a prime contributor to the fact that, despite the riots that had broken out in dozens of cities across America when news of Dr. King s death spread, Indianapolis remained calm in the wake of such news. Unfortunately, on June 6, 1968, Robert Kennedy was assassinated by a man named Sirhan Sirhan. It is clear that the 1960s has had a great impact on American society and culture as a whole. From the United States teetering on the brink of nuclear war with both Cuba and the Soviet Union as a result of the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in the Cuban Missile Crisis to the massive growth and successes of the Modern Civil Rights Movement to the loss of such key public figures that arose out of and around that movement, there were massive shifts in American politics. This was indeed a very tumultuous time in American history but it was also a time of great sociocultural and political growth for the United States and is unquestionably one of the most important decades in our history and study of this decade is highly important to further growth and prosperity. Journalism: Then and now Journalism: Then and now Is the divide between the British Tabloid and the serious, quality press narrowing? If so why? There are many debates concerned about the state of British newspapers today. Most recently, traditional news values have seen to become more reformed and revolutionized. The dominance of celebrity and social news, the blurring of the boundary between news and reality shows and other popular culture; and the advent of citizen journalism may all suggest that the nature of news and news values are evolving; and that traditional models of the news process are now only partially relevant. Replaced, are new sorts of values called the tabloid news values. Tabloid news values, in the press, are a question of both the angle and interpretive framework of the journalist. (Colin Sparks, 2000) News wins over that appeal to broad sectors of the public, scandals, crime, sports and pop culture will be given very high priority relative to items about politics and public affairs (Sparks, 2000). Equally, the stories will be highly personified and they will impart sensations and emotions. The presence of the tabloid news values in the British papers today is due to several factors such as advertisements and media ownership; which results a hierarchy in the profession involved in the making of newspapers journalism. However, it can be argued that the divide between tabloid newspapers and broadsheets are/are not narrowing, considering the dramatically changed features they include. In this assignment, I aim to distinguish if broadsheets are looking similarly like tabloids and if the quality press is focusing only on public interests. I intend to use relevant examples to assist my points of arguments, besides using academic sources which will finalize my findings towards this topic. It has been said that Broadsheets newspapers went through a process labelled tabloidization. Tabloidization is the term used to express tabloid style papers. It is, as stated by Pete du Pont a shift by the media away from government and foreign affairs to a more entertainment-style of journalism that focuses on lifestyle, celebrity, entertainment and crime/scandal (du Pont, 1998). Ken Sanes (1997) in his article, The News Medias Effort to Hide from Significant Truth (Transparency website) identifies a possible argument which explains the cause of tabloidization. He states that the people who own the newspapers are responsible for the happening of this process. du Pont agrees with Sanes and claims that owners of the newspapers themselves are primarily to blame and that he sees this as the corporate ownership theory. (du Pont, 1998) The newspapers are owned by well-known people such as Rupert Murdock, Scott Trust, Tony OReilly and it is thought that the news journalists follow orders t hat are sent directly from these owners in order to shape the news (du Pont, 1998) accordingly. The result is a news media, which manipulates informationto push the political agendas (du Pont, 1998) of the newspapers. The problem lies in the fact that the agendas of these newspapers are based on marketing themselves and their products, or more simply put on money. Covering up the news that may be detrimental to the economic health and/or reputation of the company (Sanes, 1997) can also be seen a part of this marketing. This is where tabloidization is seen to come in play. In order for the owners to push their own interests or to draw the attention away from the news that may prove to disadvantage them, the newspapers have created a news media that concentrates on attracting audiences through stories about sex, scandal and Hollywood (Pete du Pont, 1998). In 1995 the editor of the Guardian invented the word broadloid to describe a broadsheet newspaper with a tabloid editorial approach. (Peak and Fisher cited in Bromley, 1998). Bob Franklin (1997) determines to prove that both tabloid and broadsheet newspapers are impossible to differentiates and thus compares them to achieve his hypothesis. Franklin found that Broadsheets have degraded by the significant tabloid values they introduced to their paper. He defines a broadsheet as a large format newspaper, written and distributed for a national audience on the basis of a national news agenda. Franklin also believes that Broadsheet news values traditionally favour a mix of politics-plus-diplomacy-plus-war with sport on the back page; broadsheets aim at in-depth and comprehensive coverage; and are written using moderate and emotionally controlled language (assumedly) typical of the middle classes. Broadsheets tend to lead on the issue, or the substantive consequences, of a story rather than first-hand human interest approach more typical of tabloids; they tend to be print heavy rather than the more pictorial tabloids; and are less inclined to use more ethically dubious reporting practices, such as doorstepping or paying sources for stories. (Franklin, 1997) His statement reflects an appreciated view on Broadsheet newspapers as he claims that it is valuable newspaper which, by far, determines a persons status in society. Through his argument, it can be said that he does not accept the reason that Broadsheets would possibly merge into tabloids-style papers. Further, Colin Sparks (2000) believes that newspapers carry responsibilities towards the public interest. Their responsibilities are primarily to warn and protect the public. They are held through the media, where economy and political information are published to the public. The quality press provides this kind of information in abundance. (Sparks, 2000) This is crucial to Sparks that newspapers use this strategy, as the public are expected to exercise informed choices about how, and by whom, their society is being governed.(Sparks, 2000) In other words, Sparks informs us that it is crucial that the public discover the norms and values of their society. The media portrays this to them in order to help them live a less complex lifestyle, with an easier decision to make when following, perhaps economic and/or political ideas. On the other hand, Franklin believes that the quality press has transformed into the popular press through the four ways he states. First, broadsheets now contain less news, especially foreign news, parliamentary news and investigative stories, preferring photographs to these expensive reporting formats. Second, views have increasingly replaced news, with broadsheets choosing to fill the pages emptied of international and investigative reporting with engaging opinion from columnists. Third, he suggests that broadsheets are increasingly allocating a high news priority to stories which until recently would have been dismissed and disdained as merely tabloid stories. Fourth, broadsheets are increasingly likely to include many editorial features which previously were the exclusive preserve of the tabloids (Franklin, 1997). To conclude the meanings of Franklins ideas, he is clearly stating that quality papers do focus on public interest but carry no political or foreign news as they switched to tabloids formats. Through his claim, it can be said that he sees Broadsheets as virtually tabloid paper. Richard Addis, the former Daily Express editor suggests broadsheets are a master class in daily journalism delivered in a thoroughly post-modern or post-ironic way (Addis, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Dominic Ponsford, editor of Press Gazette agrees with Addis and comments that broadsheets are a tidy, spacey, pacey and coherent package a paper positioned upmarket from the tabloids (Ponsford, cited from the Guardian, 2008). Broadsheets tended to have better written articles; with much less scandal and gossip, much less sensational headlines and people depended upon them for getting their quota of what could now be called serious news. However, when talking of tabloids newspaper; the term tabloid refers both to a specific type of newspaper, and to a specific paper size. Newspapers introduced the term when they started halving the broadsheet size. News tabloids are originally presented highly compressed and compacted news, as opposed to the more detailed and lengthy news in broadsheets. Tabloid newspapers were best known for a lower type of journalism that dealt with sleaze, corruption, sex scandals, celebrity gossip and sports. Nevertheless, the lines between the types of newspapers have blurred. Anthony Sampson, a member of the Scott Trust who owns the Guardian said: the frontier between qualities and popular papers has virtually disappeared (Bromley, 1998) Furthermore, Ian Connell follows to argue both Franklin and Sparks views. He declares that Broadsheets have not dumbed down. Connell says Franklins study was not a complete comparison between the poplar and the quality press. The misrepresentations have arisen, I think, because neither has compared like with like.(Connell, 1998) Connells quote shows he has a different perspective and interpretation into the debate of tabloidization. Connell compares both papers to see if Franklins views are somewhat arguably acceptable. He believes that there are substantial amounts of quality news in both broadsheets and tabloids (Connell, 1998) This quote is a directly opposing Franklins idea that international news has, yet, disappeared in the quality press. Connell also argues that Sparks ideology to tabloid papers, it that they reject any sort of international news. However, in his study, Connell claims that tabloids have much public interest stories and that some international news, still virtu ally exist. The Financial Times and the Economist. Together they contributed 36.4% of the international items. (Connell, 1998) Connell may agree with Franklin about sensational and gossipy news which appears in tabloids but does not see this present in broadsheets. Following to this, Connell states that broadsheets are not becoming broadloids and disagrees with Franklin as oppose to his argument that more broadsheet items were published without illustration, as broadsheets have began to use more pictures (Franklin, 1998) His statement here contradicts what he later claims that politics was the most frequently occurring main topic in the UK press. (Franklin, 1998) As known, broadsheets contain more political and foreign news while tabloids tend to mention politics through human interest stories. Connells observations explain that a traditional content is carried by broadsheets, yet they may use tabloid style to twist those traditionally written articles. In contrast, Franklin declares that the style and formats of broadsheets are changing (Franklin, 1998) but he appears to note only on the use of tabloid style language in the headlines of the quality papers. A comparison in the change of some British newspapers may help to conclude wither broadsheet have become broadloid. Martin Conboy states that newspapers which use the tabloid size but do not use its language, such asThe Independent and The Timesdemonstrate that it is the language which is more important in the make-up of a tabloid than the format itself. (Conboy, 2006) However Sanes defences and believes that tabloids have not come close to providing the range of material now regularly offered by the broadsheets. (Sanes, 1997) In 2003 The Independent started concurrent production of both broadsheet and tabloid compact editions, carrying exactly the same content. This paper is seen the most colourful paper among the other broadsheets. Articles include international and political news, but a great quantity of human interest subjects are varied in the news section. However, there is often some clearly identical language and format to tabloid style, with the use of pictures, pun headline and speech bubbles, which all indicate a tabloid style paper. The Sunday Times did likewise, but with less apparent success, with readers vocally opposing the change (Sanes, 1997). The format is big in size but the inside includes many adverts, which is seen to be the great values of a tabloid. They contain illustrations and big attractive picture nearly in every page but do not include much of the human interest topics. Yet most of the human interest stories and celebrity gossip are seen to be found in the news review, which makes this paper, indeed, broadloid. When the Independent launched its new tabloid format, it was a shock for the Guardians creative team, renowned for its strong design ethos and forward-thinking approach. Plans for its own reformat were thought about intensively. Wed always been the British paper that took design most seriously, claims Mark Porter, the Guardians creative director. Weve always had a reputation for that and I suppose we always liked to think we were the most innovative British paper. The Guardian had regained its laurels. Within two years, it was back on top with a new design and format: the Berliner format à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ midway size paper between a broadsheet and a tabloid. As the pressure to follow the crowd increased, Mark Porter spent a long period of time experimenting with a tabloid Guardian, but it soon became clear that it wasnt possible to convert a broadsheet newspaper to tabloid without radically changing both the journalism and the design. The idea that you could was absurd, he says. It wasnt going to be that straightforward and the editor, in particular, was very concerned that if we went down that route we would be forced, even if we didnt want to, to change the journalism and the way we presented the stories. Harcup and ONeil (2001) suggest that celebrity has become a major factor in determining whether a news story is selected for inclusion in a newspaper, and thus is the result of defining if a broadsheet becomes broadloid. They also conclude that The UK press seems obsessed with celebrities such as TV soap stars, sports stars, film stars, and, of course, royalty, (Harcup and ONeil, 2001) which may well predict the upcoming future of broadsheets. However, Porter was looking to create a newspaper where the pictures worked just as hard as the text, offering an alternative way for time-pressed readers to engage with the paper. The main motivation cited for the shifts in the analyzed papers above are that owners use human interest topics and illustrations to make the paper appealing to the readers, (Sanes, 1997) The Independent only needs to transform the language in order to become a tabloid paper. Conboy would probably disagree because the language shows a distant style to tabloids. Bromley believes that owners bring in tabloid values to the quality to attract more readers (Bromley, 1998). I would disagree as there are still people who carry more interest to broadsheets than tabloids. However, since the transformation of many broadsheet newspapers occurred, it gave the readers the choice which content they desired to read. (Sanes, 1997) It is presumably hoped that many readers will find the smaller formats of a tabloid, more convenient, in fact it remains to be seen how this shake-up will affect the usage of the term broadsheet' (Sanes, 1997). Newspapers, however, have always used free subscription trials and other promotions, with advertising platforms such as new or expanded feature sections, and with better home and newsstand distribution in order to sell a successful paper. However, struggling publishers often seek the quickest method to cut costs and increase circulation without harming ad revenues (McLahlan and Golding, 2000) Many in Britain see their salvation in changing formats; they believe that switching to a more compact one, such as the tabloid format, may lift circulation by attracting disaffected newspaper readers. Several important broadsheets across Britain have recently converted themselves into tabloids (du Pont, 1998) and the format have proved popular in the year following the transformation. Advertisements are necessary in the production of newspapers. The popular press, it is conventionally reckoned that only 20 percent of revenues come from advertisingthe quality press, on the other hand, receives 60 percent of its revenues from advertising. (Sparks, 2001) Advertising agencies give broadsheets their money as they believe the popular press target the working class, (Sparks, 2001). This is the only strategy they could possibly use with tabloids as it enables them to advertise in certain papers to target their specific customers. On the other hand, the quality papers aim at the middle and upper class. As a result, their pages include highly paid advertising products. In other words, if selling luxury goods, advertisers will pay much more to get to people who can afford high profile adverts. Alternatively, if selling ringtones, advertisers will not pay as much as they aim at vast readership. Notably, they follow this process as the middle/upper class people are able to afford those high-priced advertising products. Conversely, Spark argues that poorer readers are excluded from having niche newspapers aimed at them, unlike richer people. He follows to explain that democratic inequality based on income (Sparks, 2001) is the reason for the major barrier between the quality papers; as the tabloids do not carry the power of press freedom. It can be said that corporate ownership have played a role in the process of tabloidization and thus involved bifurcation in newspapers. When it comes down to it, the underlying goal of any corporation is to make profits. That is the nature of the business world. Marketing has become a large part of the news. Also what underlies this argument was the deregulation of television in the 1980s. Robin Anderson (1995) states: Before deregulation, corporate speculators did not purchase stations solely for the purpose of commodity trading. After deregulation, however, speculators who had no interest or experience in the media bought and sold stations simply to make a profit. Corporate investors would often cut corners to make a profit by cutting news departments, and giving into advertiser demands (Anderson, 1995). Deregulation here is what allowed the corporations to purchase the T.V. networks. This makes it a major contributor to tabloidization, even if it was an indirect one. In fact, not just in T.V networks does this happen but newspaper proprietors were also accused of treating their titles as business properties with a social purpose'. (Greenslade cited in Bromley). Bromley believes the problem with broadloid is from magazines. Magazines began to pursue an editorial mix of sex, celebrity and sleaze in a far more aggressive way.(Bromley, 1998) Market competition, advertisements and ownership are affecting the state of the media. There is a clear sign that broadloid is taking place. The format may be reducing to one of a tabloid but the contents majority contains hard news. However, it is seen that money is making owners revalue the public interest. In conclusion to my analysis above, it can be notified that broadsheets have not seen to dramatically change as Franklin argues, conversely, it merely depends on the readers to the type of news they choose to read. Arguably, there is, yet a division between the tabloid and broadsheet newspapers, but this division lies under the use of language and format; the papers chose to present. Whether tabloidization started all the above arguments, or vice versa, it is a question that we may never know the answer to. Perhaps, finding the answer to it may be the key to finding the true answer to what caused tabloidization. Whether we know where it came from or not, the fact that tabloidization is here; still remains and it appears to compete and challenge the success on British newspapers.